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Varieties of English

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A rural road in Eastern Nigeria

Introduction to Nigerian English

Nigeria, a country in West Africa, is the most populous Black country in the world, with an estimated population of nearly 220 million people. A former British colony until 1960,…

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Cliffs of Moher, Ireland

Release notes: Irish English

Most of the OED’s quarterly updates in recent years have featured the results of our ongoing work on broadening the dictionary’s coverage of world varieties of English and tracing the…

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Image of Banaue Rice Terraces

Introduction to Philippine English

The Philippines is home to over 100 million people spread across 7,107 islands in Southeast Asia. Among the more than 100 mostly Austronesian languages spoken in this densely populated archipelago…

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Image of Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpa, Malaysia

Introduction to Malaysian English

The use of English in present day Malaysia traces its beginnings back to the British presence in the Straits Settlements of Penang, Singapore, and Melaka from the 18th century. English was…

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Image of Ha'penny Bridge, Dublin

Introduction to Irish English

Ireland is an island in northwest Europe, west of England, which consists politically of the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, the latter of which has been a constituent part…

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Introduction to Indian English

In less than 200 years since its formal introduction as part of a nascent and westernized education system, English has grown to be the medium through which the people of…

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